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Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, Vol 5, Issue 4 227-237, Copyright © 1986 by American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
Artifacts in ultrasound imaging
F. W. Kremkau and K. J. Taylor
Ultrasound imaging artifacts of acoustic origin relating to resolution,
propagation path, and attenuation are reviewed. Lateral and axial
resolution limitations are artifactual in nature since a failure to resolve
means a loss of detail and two adjacent structures may be visualized as
one. Apparent resolution close to the transducer (speckle) is not directly
related to tissue texture but is a result of interference effects from the
distribution of scatterers in the tissue. Reverberation produces a set of
equally spaced artifactual echoes distal to the real reflectors. The mirror
image artifact is the presentation of objects that are present on one side
of a strong reflector, appearing on the other side as well. Shadowing and
enhancement are useful artifacts for determining the nature of masses.
Enhancement results from low attenuation objects in the sound path while
shadowing results from strongly reflecting or strongly attenuating objects.
Additional artifacts include section thickness, refraction, multipath, side
lobe, grating lobe, focal enhancement, comet tail, ring down, speed error,
and range ambiguity.
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