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© 2007 by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
J Ultrasound Med 26:301-308 • 0278-4297

Parental Artistic Drawings of the Fetus Before and After 3-/4-Dimensional Ultrasonography

Dolores H. Pretorius, MD, Heather A. Hearon, Kathryn A. Hollenbach, PhD, Eun-Kyung Ji, MD, Shilpa Gattu, Novella M. Nelson, Tanya M. Nelson, Jason Chibuk, MS, CGC, Andrew D. Hull, MD, Ruth P. Newton, PhD and Thomas R. Nelson, PhD

Departments of Radiology (D.H.P., S.G., T.R.N.), Family and Preventive Medicine (K.A.H.), and Reproductive Medicine (A.D.H.), University of California, San Diego (H.A.H.), La Jolla, California USA; Department of Radiology, CHA General Hospital, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Korea (E.-K.J.); University of California, Davis, Davis, California USA (N.M.N.); Torrey Pines High School, San Diego, California USA (T.M.N.); University of California, San Diego, Fetal Care and Genetics Center, La Jolla, California USA (D.H.P., J.C.); and St Vincent de Paul Village, San Diego, California USA (R.P.N.).

Address correspondence to Dolores H. Pretorius, MD, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9300 Campus Point Dr, 7756, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. E-mail: dpretorius{at}ucsd.edu

Objective. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of 3-/4-dimensional ultrasonography (3D/4DUS) on parental impressions of their fetus using preexamination and postexamination parental drawings. Methods. One hundred one parents (32 male and 69 female) were asked to draw pictures of their fetus immediately before and after undergoing 3D/4DUS. A drawing assessment instrument was used to evaluate the fetal anatomy by 4 reviewers. Overall descriptive quality and a comparison of before and after images were assessed. Results. Reviewers judged the drawings as significantly different in 23% to 56% of cases, slightly different in 41% to 64%, and having no significant difference in 2% to 22%; some difference was identified in at least 78%. Reviewers familiar with ultrasonography were able to correctly predict which picture was drawn first in 78%. Differences identified were related to extremity positioning, personalized uterine environment, and artistic nature. No significant difference in the overall total scoring for anatomic differentiation before and after 3D/4DUS was found. A trend in drawing less anatomic structures after 3D/4DUS was discovered. Significantly fewer people drew hair after 3D/4DUS (P < .01) even when they had drawn hair before the 3D/4DUS. Similar significant differences were seen for the lower extremities (P < .01), with less detail being presented after the 3D/4DUS. Conclusions. Differences were seen between drawings made before and after 3D/4DUS by parents. Drawings after 3D/4DUS emphasized structures seen during the 3D/4DUS examination and were more reality based, whereas drawings before 3D/4DUS were more iconographic and based on preconceived anatomic knowledge.

Key Words: fetus • maternal-fetal bonding • 3-dimensional ultrasonography

Abbreviations: 3D/4DUS, 3-/4-dimensional ultrasonography • 2DUS, 2-dimensional ultrasonography

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Copyright © 2007 by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.