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© 2006 by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
J Ultrasound Med 25:1193-1198 • 0278-4297

Technical Advance

Delineation of Cardiac Twist by a Sonographically Based 2-Dimensional Strain Analysis Method

An In Vitro Validation Study

Muhammad Ashraf, MD, Xiao Kui Li, MD, Monica T. Young, BS, Amariek J. Jensen, BS, James Pemberton, MBBS, MD, Ling Hui, MD, PhD, Peter Lysyansky, PhD, Zvi Friedman, Byung Park, PhD and David J. Sahn, MD

Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon USA (M.A., X.K.L., M.T.Y., A.J.J., J.P., L.H., B.P., D.J.S.); and GE Healthcare, Haifa, Israel (P.L., Z.F.).

Address correspondence to David J. Sahn, MD, L608, Cardiac Fluid Dynamics and Imaging Laboratory, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239-3098 USA. E-mail: sahnd{at}ohsu.edu

Objective. Normal left ventricular contraction involves a twisting component that helps augment stroke volume, the unwinding of which also very usefully contributes to early diastolic filling. Abnormalities of cardiac twist have been related to abnormal cardiac function. We sought to quantify the twisting action using a new sonographically based angle-independent motion-detecting echo method. Methods. A twist model was developed with a variable-speed motor to rotate a wheel in water bath. A freshly harvested pig heart was mounted on it as a twist phantom. Short axis views were acquired with a GE/VingMed Vivid 7 system (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) at 3.5 MHz and more than 100 frames/s. Eight different speeds (30–100 cycles/min of winding and unwinding) were studied at 5 degrees of rotation (10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, and 50°). Data were analyzed off-line for twist analysis with a new 2-dimensional speckle-tracking–based program (2-dimensional strain rate method [2DSR]) embedded in EchoPac software (GE Healthcare). Ten freshly harvested pig hearts were studied in this model. Results. The 2DSR program tracked the twist well (mean determination at 10° = 16.88° ± 1.81° [SD]; at 20° = 26.5° ± 1.05°; at 30° = 36.47° ± 1.31°; at 40° = 44.03° ± 1.39°; and at 50° = 54.1° ± 1.96°). Conclusions. The 2DSR program can be used to study twisting action of the heart.

Key Words: echocardiography • heart function • strain

Abbreviations: MRI, magnetic resonance imaging • ROI, region of interest • SAD, sum of absolute differences • 2D, 2-dimensional • 2DSR, 2-dimensional strain rate method




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