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© 2003 by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
J Ultrasound Med 22:1249-1269 • 0278-4297

Review Article

Three-dimensional Ultrasonography in Gynecology

Technical Aspects and Clinical Applications

George Bega, MD, Anna S. Lev-Toaff, MD, Patrick O’Kane, MD, Eduardo Becker, Jr, MD and Alfred B. Kurtz, MD

Department of Radiology, Division of Ultrasound (G.B., A.S.L.-T., P.O., A.B.K.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.B.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Porto Alegre, Brazil (E.B.).

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Anna S. Lev-Toaff, MD, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 111 S 11th St, Suite G3390, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. E-mail: anna.lev-toaff{at}mail.tju.edu.

Objective. The aim of this work was to review the technical aspects and clinical applications of three-dimensional ultrasonography in gynecologic imaging. Methods. With the use of a computerized database (MEDLINE), articles on three-dimensional ultrasonography were reviewed. Other pertinent references were obtained from the references cited in these articles. In addition, we reviewed our own clinical experience over the past 7 years. Results. Numerous applications of three-dimensional ultrasonography have been reported, including imaging of the uterus, the endometrial cavity, adnexa, and the pelvic floor and color and power Doppler applications. The accuracy of volume calculations and the networking opportunities with three-dimensional ultrasonography have also been reported. Technical problems and limitations of this technique are summarized. Conclusions. Three-dimensional ultrasonography has proved to be a useful imaging tool for clinical problem solving in gynecology, especially in imaging the uterus and uterine cavity.

Key Words: gynecology • networking • sonohysterography • three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography • ultrasonography • uterine anomalies

Abbreviations: CDI, color Doppler imaging • ET, embryo transfer • 4D, four-dimensional • HSG, hysterosalpingography • IUD, intrauterine device • IVF, in vitro fertilization • MRI, magnetic resonance imaging • PDI, power Doppler imaging • SHG, sonohysterography • 3D, three-dimensional • 3DUS, three-dimensional ultrasonography • 2D, two-dimensional • 2DUS, two-dimensional ultrasonography • VOI, volume of interest




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