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Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, Vol 20, Issue 9 941-952, Copyright © 2001 by American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
Feasibility of performing a virtual patient examination using three-dimensional ultrasonographic data acquired at remote locations
T. R. Nelson, D. H. Pretorius, A. Lev-Toaff, G. Bega, N. E. Budorick, K. A. Hollenbach and L. Needleman
Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92014, USA.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of performing three-dimensional
ultrasonographic studies that meet American Institute of Ultrasound in
Medicine and American College of Radiology ultrasonographic examination
guidelines with review off-line and at remote locations. METHODS: One
hundred patients were studied at 2 institutions using high-end
two-dimensional clinical ultrasonographic scanners and commercially
available three-dimensional ultrasonography for a variety of organ systems
(first- and second-trimester fetus, abdomen, and female pelvis). We
evaluated several parameters, including measurements, completeness of organ
visualization, abnormalities identified, image quality, number of volumes
required, and discrepancies between interpretations. RESULTS: Overall,
three-dimensional ultrasonography could produce diagnostic-quality results
comparable with those of two-dimensional ultrasonography. Three-dimensional
ultrasonographic image quality was lower than that of two-dimensional
ultrasonography. Two- and three-dimensional ultrasonographic measurements
were comparable (<5% difference), as was the extent of organ
visualization, although some structures were challenging for both two- and
three-dimensional ultrasonography. In general, organs completely imaged in
the scanner field of view required 1 to 1.5 volumes, whereas larger organs
required between 3 and 6 volumes. Differences among reviewers'
interpretations highlighted the need for standardization of acquisition and
reviewing protocols for sonographers and physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Our
results show that it is clinically feasible to acquire three-dimensional
ultrasonographic data at one site and to obtain accurate interpretation by
off-line review at another within the context of providing high-quality
clinical diagnostic studies.
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