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Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, Vol 15, Issue 12 853-860, Copyright © 1996 by American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
On the feasibility of real-time, in vivo harmonic imaging with proteinaceous microspheres
F. Forsberg, B. B. Goldberg, J. B. Liu, D. A. Merton and N. M. Rawool
Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Harmonic imaging is a new contrast-specific imaging modality, which
utilizes the nonlinear properties of microbubble-based sonographic contrast
agents by transmitting at the fundamental frequency but receiving at the
second harmonic frequency. The feasibility of improving the detection of
slow, small-volume blood flow using real-time harmonic imaging has been
investigated in vivo. Proteinaceous microspheres (FS069) were administrated
to four dogs, two woodchucks (with multiple hepatomas), and one rabbit.
Three different scanners were used to obtain real-time images of kidneys
and liver (including vessels) in harmonic and conventional gray scale and
color flow modes. The duration of contrast enhancement lasted significantly
longer in harmonic than in conventional modes (on average 87 s; P = 0.008).
Harmonic images were less susceptible to artifacts, such as acoustic
shadowing, and a clear increase in the (flow) signal-to-noise ratio was
observed. These preliminary in vivo results demonstrate the feasibility of
performing real-time, contrast-enhanced harmonic imaging, but further
studies are required to establish clinical efficacy.
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